Analysis of the influence of educational level on the nutritional status and lifestyle habits of the young Spanish population.

Aim: This study aims to analyze some nutrition and health habits of young people and the impact of educational attainment on health. Methods: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out using surveys. Using non-probabilistic snowball sampling, a previously validated questionnaire was disseminated through networks, collecting a sample of 9,681 people between 18 and 30 years old. Comparative analyses between groups were obtained by clustering and the corresponding statistical tests. Results: The results showed how young people with higher education generally have a lower BMI, a higher healthy nutrition index, less frequent consumption of sugary drinks, and less smoking than their peers with basic education. These healthier habits are reflected in the higher self-perceived health status of the higher-educated group. While for all the educational levels analyzed, the minutes of physical activity practice are above the 150 min recommended by the WHO. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that young people's education level is of fundamental importance for health, particularly for nutritional habits. In general, the lifestyle habits of the young Spanish population are healthy, but there is a need for improvement in those aspects related to nutrition and food.

Social characteristics and social benefit use among premenopausal breast cancer survivors in Denmark: a population-based cohort study.

PURPOSE: In 2020, one million women aged < 55 years were diagnosed with breast cancer globally. The impact of breast cancer and its treatments on these women's ability to work and need for social benefits may differ by social characteristics. We evaluated social benefit use following breast cancer by education and cohabitation. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study, including women aged 18-55 years diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer in Denmark during 2002-2011. Statistics Denmark provided information on cohabitation, education, and social benefit use from 1 year pre-diagnosis to 10 years post-diagnosis. We calculated weekly proportions of self-support, unemployment, disability pension, flexi jobs, and sick leave according to education and cohabitation. RESULTS: Of 5345 women, 81.8% were self-supporting, 4.5% received disability pensions, 1.6% had flexi jobs, 3.6% were on sick leave, and 5.5% were unemployed 1 year pre-diagnosis. Ten years post-diagnosis, the proportions were 69.0%, 13.0%, 10.5%, 3.4%, and 2.0% of 3663 survivors. Disability pensions and flexi jobs increased from 12.1 to 26.4% and 2.8 to 13.5% in women with short education, from 4.1 to 12.8% and 1.8 to 12.2% in women with medium education, and from 0.8 to 6.0% and 0.9 to 6.9% in longer educated. Disability pensions increased more in women living alone (7.8 to 19.9%), than in cohabiting women (3.6 to 11.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of social benefits reflecting lost ability to work was highest in less educated women and in women living alone. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Awareness of these groups is crucial when tailoring efforts to support work participation in cancer survivors.

Relationship between educational level and survival of patients with cancer: A multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although socioeconomic factors are important determinants of population mortality, the effect of educational level on the survival of patients with cancer in China is unclear. This study aimed to assess whether educational level is associated with the prognosis of patients with cancer and to explore the mediators of this association. METHODS: This multicentre cohort study included 18,251 patients diagnosed with cancer between May 2013 and December 2018. The main parameters measured were overall survival (OS) and all-cause mortality. The relationship between educational level and all-cause mortality was assessed using multifactor-corrected Cox survival analysis. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between educational level and patient-generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA). RESULTS: The mean age of the 18,251 participants (men, 9939 [54.4%]) was 57.37 ± 11.66 years. Multifactorial survival analysis showed that patients survived longer with increasing education (university and above vs. elementary school and below; p = p = <0.001, HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77-0.92), and the differences were statistically significant in different subgroups. The potential impact factors included sex, age, TNM stage, and PG-SGA score. Logistic regression showed a significant negative association between educational level and the modifiable factor PG-SGA (secondary vs. primary and below; p = 0.004, HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83-0.97; university and above vs. primary and below; p < 0.001, HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Educational level was a significant prognostic factor for patients with cancer, independent of other known prognostic factors. This association was further improved by modifying the nutritional status.

Pain neuroscience education for patients with chronic pain: A scoping review from teaching-learning strategies, educational level, and cultural perspective.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To identify the characteristics of PNE programs in terms of teaching-learning strategies, session modality, content delivery format, number of sessions, total minutes and instructional support material used in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, (2) to describe PNE adaptations for patients with different educational levels or cultural backgrounds, and (3) to describe the influence of the patient's educational level or cultural background on the effects of PNE. METHODS: The PRISMA guideline for scoping reviews was followed. Nine databases were systematically searched up to July 8, 2023. Articles that examined clinical or psychosocial variables in adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain who received PNE were included. RESULTS: Seventy-one articles were included. Studies found benefits of PNE through passive/active teaching-learning strategies with group/individual sessions. However, PNE programs presented great heterogeneity and adaptations to PNE were poorly reported. Most studies did not consider educational level and culture in the effects of PNE. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the large number of studies on PNE and increased interest in this intervention, the educational level and culture are poorly reported in the studies. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It is recommended to use passive and/or active teaching-learning strategies provided in individual and/or group formats considering the patient's educational level and culture.

Teachers reported that children with special health care needs displayed more attention problems.

AIM: Children with special health care needs (SHCN) perform more poorly at school compared to their classmates. Specific causal pathways have not yet been extensively studied. Therefore, we investigated teacher-rated global attention, an important prerequisite for educational attainment, in children with SHCN. METHODS: Data of a population-based prospective cohort study, which recruited preschool children from the Mainz-Bingen area, Germany, were analysed. Children with SHCN were identified by the Children with Special Health Care Needs screening tool. In 2016, global attention was reported by teachers at the end of first grade (mean age: 7.3 years) on a 5-point rating scale ranging from -2 through +2. Associations between SHCN consequences and teacher-rated attention were estimated by linear mixed models, adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS: We included 1921 children (51% males); of these, 14% had SHCN. Compared to their classmates, children with SHCN had poorer teacher-rated attention scores (adjusted mean difference: -0.35, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.17). The effect was strongest among children with treatment or counselling for mental health problems or functional limitations. The effect remained after excluding children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from the analysis. CONCLUSION: Children with SHCN showed more teacher-rated attention problems, which could explain their lower educational attainment.

Causal effects of educational attainment on temporomandibular disorders and the mediating pathways: A Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: As one of the most important indicators of socioeconomic status, educational attainment (EA) exhibits a strong association with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Despite this link, there is a lack of evidence regarding the causal role of EA in either facilitating or preventing TMDs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the causal effect of education on TMDs and explore potential mediating pathways. METHODS: Utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies on years of schooling (N = 766 345) and TMDs (N = 211 023), we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the overall effect of education. Additionally, a two-step MR approach was employed to evaluate 30 potential mediators and calculate the mediation proportions in the association. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were used to verify the robustness, heterogeneity, and pleiotropy. RESULTS: Univariable MR analyses revealed a causal effect of lower EA on an increased risk of TMDs (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.43-0.66, p < .001). Five out of 30 modifiable factors were identified as causal mediators in the associations of EA with TMDs, including feeling nervous (mediation proportion: 11.6%), feeling tense (10.2%), depression (9.6%), feeling worry (7.6%) and daily smoking (8.9%). Meanwhile, no pleiotropy was detected in the analyses (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Our findings supported that higher EA has a protective effect on the onset of TMDs, with partial mediation by psychological disorders and daily smoking. Interventions on these factors thus have the potential of substantially reducing the burden of TMDs attributed to low education.

Associations between Sociodemographic and Behavioral Variables and Educational Practices on Mother-Child Dyads

The association between the sociodemographic variables of children with behavior problems and mothers with maternal depression is widely acknowledged in the literature. However, there is a lack of studies addressing the association of these variables with maternal parenting practices in typical samples, i.e., children without behavior problems and mothers without current depression indicators. The aim of this study was to identify associations between the sociodemographic variables of children and mothers with the mothers' parenting practices and children's behavioral indicators (resources and problems) in a sample of children without behavior problems and mothers without current depression indicators. This quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study addressed 46 biological mothers (married or in a stable relationship) and their children. A sociodemographic questionnaire and validated instruments addressing child behavior, maternal mental health, and parenting practices were applied. Findings showed that the mothers did not present mental health problems (e.g., behavior problems or maternal depression), but a) they presented deficits of positive practices and an excess of negative practices, and the children displayed deficits in social skills and behavior problems; b) there was an association between positive practices and the children's social skills and between negative practices and children's behavior problems; c) the frequency of positive and negative practices was equivalent among boys and girls, and d) boys more frequently presented behavior problems while school-aged children more frequently presented social skills deficits. The results indicate that even non-clinical samples may present harmful parenting practices, excess negative practices, and deficits in positive practices. Hence, there is a need for timely interventions to prevent behavior problems among children and maternal depression arising from conflicting interactions in the parenthood sphere.

Las asociaciones de variables sociodemográficas de madres con depresión materna y de sus hijos con problemas comportamentales son ampliamente reconocidas en la literatura. Por otro lado, en muestras típicas existe un vacío de estudios que traten de las asociaciones de esas variables con las prácticas parentales maternas; o sea, en niños de corta edad sin problemas comportamentales y en madres sin indicadores de depresión actual. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar las asociaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas de hijos y de las prácticas parentales de sus madres con los indicadores comportamentales de recursos y problemas de los hijos. Se utilizó una muestra de hijos sin problemas comporta-mentales y de madres sin indicadores de depresión actual. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. Participaron 46 madres biológicas que vivían con su pareja y sus hijos. Las participantes respondieron al cuestionario sobre variables sociodemográficas y a los instrumentos calibrados sobre comportamientos infantiles, salud mental materna y prácticas educativas. Se identificó que: (a) a pesar de no presentar problemas de salud mental (problemas de comportamiento y depresión materna), las madres evidenciaron un déficit de prácticas positivas y un exceso de prácticas negativas; a su vez, los hijos presentaron déficit de habilidades sociales y hubo quejas comportamentales; (b) se encontró asociación entre las prácticas positivas y las habilidades sociales; también se encontró asociación entre las prácticas negativas y las quejas comportamentales; (c) las prácticas positivas y negativas ocurrieron de manera equivalente entre niños y niñas; y (d) los niños tuvieron más quejas comportamentales; además, los hijos, en edad escolar, tuvieron más déficits de habilidades sociales. Los datos indican que inclusive en muestras no clínicas existen variables de riesgo en lo que se refiere a la parentalidad, a excesos de prácticas negativas y a déficits de prácticas positivas. Lo encontrado sugiere la necesidad de intervenir precozmente, para evitar el surgimiento de problemas de comportamiento infantil y también de la depresión materna, cuando esta proviene de interacciones de conflictos en el ambiente de la parentalidad.

Association of Food Consumption According to the Degree of Processing and Sociodemographic Conditions in Older Adults.

Several factors can impact food consumption in older adults, including those of sociodemographic, physiological, and chronic non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of food consumption according to its degree of processing with sociodemographic conditions in community-dwelling older adults. Food intake was evaluated from 24-h recall data. All food items were classified according to the degree of processing into four groups as follows: in natura or minimally processed, culinary ingredients, processed, and ultra-processed foods. Food groups were considered dependent variables in a quantile regression model, adjusting for sex, age, schooling, ethnicity, and number of residents. Women and individuals with higher levels of education had lower consumption of in natura or minimally processed foods and higher consumption of ultra-processed foods. The yellow or indigenous ethnicity presented the lowest consumption of processed foods; older people who lived with three or more individuals had the highest consumption of culinary ingredients, whereas the older people who lived with one to two people had the highest consumption of processed foods and the lowest consumption of ultra-processed. These groups may be the target of educational and public policies to improve diet quality and contribute to quality of life in older ages.

Correlation Between Sociocultural and Economic Factors in Pediatric Patients' Families and Emergence Delirium.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium is a commonly encountered condition that can arise from multiple factors, and its occurrence varies based on the type of surgery in pediatric patients. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of delirium during the recovery from anesthesia in children undergoing eye surgery and its association with the sociocultural and economic status of their families. METHODS: This prospective observational study included children aged 2-12 years who underwent eye surgeries. Demographic data, socioeconomic and educational status of parents, parental separation and cooperation scores, Cravero agitation score, and face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) score (at zero, five, 15, and 30 minutes in the postoperative period) were recorded. Patients who scored 5 on the Cravero agitation scale for at least five minutes were considered to have postoperative delirium. The STROBE checklist was followed for reporting. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included in the study, of which 65 were male. The mean age of the patients was 6.5±2.9 years, and 42 patients (40.4%) belonged to the preschool age group. The incidence of delirium was found to be 51.9%. Delirium was found to be associated with postoperative pain (p=0.003), age (p=0.001), preoperative anxiety (not cooperative examination score (p=0.047), poor separation score (p=0.006)), presence of a surgical history (p=0.012), and cataract surgery (p=0.007). No evidence was found to demonstrate a link between sociocultural and economic conditions and the development of delirium. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified several factors that influenced the occurrence of delirium, including postoperative pain (FLACC≥4), younger age (<6 years), cataract surgery, presence of surgical history, examination score (score 3, not cooperative), and separation score (scores 3-4, poor).

Triglycerides, Obesity and Education Status Are Associated with the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adults, Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: It is important to determine the influence of traditional risk factors on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in young adults. Goal of the research: To study the incidence of T2DM and factors that increase the risk of its occurrence during the observation of a cohort of young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1341 people aged 25-44 were included in the study from 2013 to 2017, of whom 622 were men (46.4%). The examination included anamnesis, anthropometric data, and a blood test. Cases of developed T2DM were identified by comparing the Diabetes Mellitus Register, medical records of patients, and the database of examined individuals from 2019 to 2023. T2DM Results: In the examined population, 11 participants (0.82%) developed T2DM. The prevalence of T2DM was 0.96% in men and 0.69% in women. Patients with T2DM had a higher waist circumference, BMI, SBP, TG, and lower HDL than patients without T2DM, and were also less likely to have a higher education. The risk of developing T2DM increases 6.5 times at a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2, and 5.2 times at a TG level of ≥1.7 mmol/L, regardless of other risk factors. In the absence of a higher education, the risk of developing T2DM is increased by 5.6 times. CONCLUSION: In young people, high triglyceride levels, obesity, and a low level of education are associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, regardless of other factors.

The learning needs and clinical requirements of post graduate critical care nursing students in rural and regional contexts: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to establish the learning needs and clinical requirements of postgraduate critical care nursing students preparing for clinical practice in rural and regional contexts. REVIEW METHOD USED: Scoping review. DATA SOURCES: Published and unpublished empirical studies. REVIEW METHODS: A scoping review based on database searches (CINAHL and Medline) using Aromataris and Munn's four-step search strategy, plus subsequent forward reference search strategy was undertaken, applying predetermined selection criteria. The review aligned to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Extension for Scoping Review. Studies were uploaded into Endnote 20© for storage and into Covidence 2.0© for data extraction. Screening was undertaken by a primary reviewer, with a secondary reviewer evaluating the studies identified as relevant by the first reviewer. Qualitative codes were derived, and reflexive thematic analysis synthesised the results of the review, using Braun and Clarke's six-phase process. RESULTS: Nine foundational learning needs for critical care nursing students were extracted from the literature. The nine established foundational learning needs were: behavioural attributes/personal base; critical thinking and analysis; ethical practice; identification of risk; leadership, collaboration, and management; professional practice; provision and coordination of clinical care; research knowledge, standards of care, and policy development; and the health consumer experience. Discerning learning needs specific to rural and regional critical care nursing students was difficult. Only one study that met the inclusion criteria was identified. This study identified some instances of interest in relation to rural and regional learning needs. These instances were related to preparation of rural students for low-volume, high-stake situations; transfer of critically ill patients; stabilisation and preparation of critically ill patients; and care of specific patient groups such as, critically ill, bariatric, paediatric, obstetric, trauma, and patients with behavioural issues. CONCLUSIONS: Limited literature exists within the rural and regional critical care nursing educational context, making it difficult to determine the unique learning needs of students within this group. This scoping review lays the groundwork for further research into the needs of critical care nursing students situated within the rural and regional context.

Unpacking Psychological Vulnerabilities in Deaths of Despair.

Recent demographic findings show increased rates of death due to suicide, drug addictions, and alcoholism among midlife white adults of lower socioeconomic status (SES). These have been described as "deaths of despair" though little research has directly assessed psychological vulnerabilities. This study used longitudinal data from the Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS) study to investigate whether low levels of eudaimonic and hedonic well-being predict increased risk of deaths of despair compared to other leading causes of death (cancer, heart disease). The investigation focused on 695 reported deaths with cause of death information obtained from 2004 to 2022 via NDI Plus. Key questions were whether risk for deaths due to despair (suicide, drug addiction, alcoholism) compared to deaths due to cancer or heart disease were differentially predicted by deficiencies in well-being, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Low levels of purpose in life, positive relations with others, personal growth and positive affect predicted significantly greater likelihood of deaths of despair compared to deaths due to heart disease, with such patterns prominent among better-educated adults. The findings bring attention to ongoing intervention efforts to improve psychological well-being.

Educational needs of type 1 diabetes mellitus T1DM children and adolescents in Morocco: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus T1DM is a chronic disease, mainly observed in children or young adults, with a significantly increased incidence in young children. To enable diabetic children and adolescents to lead a healthy life and manage their disease effectively, right from diagnosis, they must benefit from therapeutic patient education TPE whose first stage is an educational diagnosis. This study aimed to identify the educational needs of T1DM children and adolescents through an educational diagnosis. METHODS AND MATERIAL: A qualitative study was conducted with T1DM children and adolescents, aged 8 to 18, at the pediatric department. This qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured face-to-face individual interviews based on a guide with 20 participants in 2022. The internationally recognized ethical research principles were respected and ethical approval was obtained. Data analysis were carried out according to the principles of the reflexive approach of thematic analysis. RESULTS: The interviews' thematic analysis revealed five educational themes: Knowledge about T1DM and its complications risks, measures and attitudes for disease monitoring and therapy management, crisis and short-term complications management, diet and physical activity management, and adaptation of daily life to the disease and treatment constraints. CONCLUSIONS: The educational diagnosis is an essential TPE step to identify the educational needs of children and adolescents with T1DM, and to set up if needed, an educational program allowing them to develop the required skills. Hence, the health policy in Morocco should integrate the TPE approach systematically in T1DM patients' care.

Assessment of rational use of antimicrobials: a cross-sectional study among people of Nepal.

Inappropriate antimicrobial use leading to antimicrobial resistance is a matter of public health concern globally. This research was conducted with the objective of preventing antimicrobial misuse across knowledge, behavior, and practice domains among the general people of Nepal. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted among 385 participants visiting tertiary care center from all over Nepal from February 2022 to May 2022. Modified Bloom's cut-off point was utilized to categorize the participants' overall knowledge, behavior, and practice. The chi-square (χ 2) test and odds ratio (OR) using binary logistic regression at 95% CI and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test (r) were calculated wherever appropriate. Results: More than three-fifths of the participants (248, 64.42%) demonstrated good behavior, whereas less than half of the participants showed good knowledge (137, 35.58%) and practice (161, 41.82%) about rational use of antimicrobials. Health professionals had higher knowledge (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.70-1.62) and good behavior (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.27-0.64) than other professionals (P<0.05). Those with higher income [≥50 000 NRS (Nepalese rupees)] had good behavior (OR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.65-6.87) and good practice (OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.47-4.50) scores than those with less monthly income (P<0.05). Similarly, higher educational degrees, viz. master's and/or above, had good behavior (OR: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.62-6.49) and good practice scores (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.68-3.87). Additionally, there were significant positive correlations between knowledge (K), behavior (B), and practice (P) scores (r=0.331 for K and B, r=0.259 for K and P, and r=0.618 for B and P, respectively; P<0.05). Conclusions: The findings imply the demand for effective legislature, strict enforcement of the drug act, and proper implementation of plans and policies to curb antimicrobials misuse. Lack of execution of existing laws and the unawareness of the public led to the extravagant use of antimicrobials.

Inverse Association between Educational Status and Coronary CT Calcium Scores: Should We Reflect This in Our ASCVD Risk Assumptions?

Education is not a factor included in most cardiovascular risk models, including SCORE2. However, higher education has been associated with lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Using CACS as a proxy for ASCVD, we studied the association between CACS and educational status. Subjects, aged 40-69, from the Paracelsus 10,000 cohort, who underwent calcium scoring as part of screening for subclinical ASCVD, were classified into low, medium, and high educational status using the Generalized International Standard Classification of Education. CACS was dichotomised as either 0 or >0 for logistic regression modelling. Our analysis showed that higher educational status was associated with higher odds for 0 CACS (aOR 0.42; 95%CI 0.26-0.70; p = 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant association between the levels of total, HDL or LDL cholesterol and educational status, nor any statistical differences in HbA1c. SCORE2 did not differ between the three educational categories (4 ± 2% vs. 4 ± 3% vs. 4 ± 2%; p = 0.29). While our observations confirmed the relationship between increased educational status and lower ASCVD risk, the effect of educational status was not mediated via its impact on classical risk factors in our cohort. Thus, perhaps educational status should be taken into account to more accurately reflect individual risk in cardiovascular risk models.

Time elapsed since peruvian children's last dental care and head of household educational attainment: findings from a national database.

BACKGROUND: It has been documented that the parents' highest level of education has an impact on their children's access to oral health services and the frequency of their use.This study aimed to determine the association between time elapsed since peruvian children's last dental care and head of household educational attainment. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using a database of children aged 0 to 11 years, with a final sample of 8012 participants. The dependent variable in this study was the time elapsed since last dental care and the independent variable was the head of household educational attainment. Other covariates considered were natural region, area of residence, place of residence, altitude, wealth index, health insurance coverage, sex and age. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied. RESULTS: Time elapsed since last dental care in the year 2021 was 5.68 years (SD = 5.25). A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was performed, analyzing the variables dimensions by separate and joint models. When head of household educational attainment was analyzed, there was no statistical significance (p = 0.262); however, other models did (p < 0.05). Model 4, which addresses all dimensions, was significant (p < 0.001) with an R2% of 0.011 and constant equal to 5.788; it showed significance with place of dental care, health insurance, altitude and age. CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between head of household educational attainment and time elapsed since last dental care; however, the latter was associated with place of care, health insurance coverage, altitude and age in Peruvian children.

Association between Nontraditional Risk Factors and Calculated 10-Year Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Large General Population: Based on the Pars Cohort Study.

Background: While the traditional risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) have been well-established, the evolving role of nontraditional risk factors is not apparent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between nontraditional risk factors and the calculated 10-year ASCVD risk in a general population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Pars Cohort Study data. All inhabitants of the Valashahr district in southern Iran, aged 40-75 years, were invited (2012-2014). Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were excluded. The demographic and lifestyle data were collected using a validated questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the calculated 10-year ASCVD risk and the nontraditional risk factors of CVD, including marital status, ethnicity, educational level, tobacco and opiate consumption, physical inactivity, and psychiatric disorders. Results: Of 9264 participants (mean age =52.2±9.0 y; 45.8% male), 7152 patients met the inclusion criteria. In total, 20.2%, 7.6%, 36.3%, 56.4%, and 46.2% of the population were cigarette smokers, opiate consumers, tobacco consumers, ethnically Fars, and illiterate, respectively. The prevalence rates of low, borderline, and intermediate-to-high 10-year ASCVD risks were 74.3%, 9.8%, and 16.2%, respectively. In multinomial regression, anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.58; P<0.001) was significantly associated with a lower ASCVD risk, whereas opiate consumption (aOR, 2.94; P<0.001) and illiteracy (aOR, 2.48; P<0.001) were significantly associated with a higher ASCVD risk. Conclusion: Nontraditional risk factors are associated with the 10-year ASCVD risk and, thus, might be considered besides traditional ones for ASCVD in preventive medicine and health policies.

Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Maternal Educational Attainment with Child Development among Families Living below the Poverty Line in the State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil.

Maternal educational attainment has been identified as relevant to several child health and development outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the association of sociodemographic and maternal education factors with child development in families living below the poverty line. A cross-sectional study was conducted through telephone contact from May to July 2021 in Ceará, a state in Northeastern Brazil. The study population comprised families with children up to six years of age participating in the cash transfer program "Mais infância". The families selected to participate in this program must have a monthly per capita income of less than US$16.50. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire version 3 was applied to assess the children's development status. The mothers reported maternal educational attainment as the highest grade and or degree obtained. The final weighted and adjusted model showed that maternal schooling was associated with the risk of delay in all domains except for the fine motor domain. The risk of delay in at least one domain was 2.5-fold higher in mothers with a lower level of schooling (95% CI: 1.6-3.9). The findings of this study suggest that mothers with higher educational attainment have children with better child development outcomes.

Modifiable determinants of central obesity among the rural black population in the DIMAMO HDSS, Limpopo, South Africa.

Background: Central obesity is a leading risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, in which body fat accumulates to a particular extent, and may negatively impact on health. The prevalence of abdominal obesity has increased over the last 10 years and currently surpasses that of overall obesity. There is a scarcity of data on the determinants of central obesity, especially among populations residing in rural Africa. The aim of the present study was thus to determine sociodemographic and lifestyle factors that are associated with central obesity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study. The present study used secondary data from the AWI-Gen phase 1 study. The study comprised 791 participants, of which 242 were men and 549 were women aged 40 years and above. The participants were selected by convenient sampling. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27. A comparison of proportions was performed using the chi-square test, while a comparison of means was performed using an unpaired Student t-test. The association between sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with central obesity was analyzed using bivariate correlation, partial correlation, and binary regression analysis, and the statistical significance was set at a p-value of <0.05. Results: The proportion of central obesity in the total population was 59.9%, and significantly more women were centrally obese (79.6 vs. 15.3%, p = <0.001) as compared to men. Married status correlated positively and significantly with central obesity in both bivariate and partial correlations. Moreover, binary logistic regression further confirmed the positive association between married status and central obesity. Single status correlated negatively and significantly with central obesity. The correlation remained unchanged even after controlling for age and gender. Binary logistic regression showed that unemployment correlated significantly with central obesity. The proportion of smokers was also significantly higher in participants without central obesity than in those with central obesity (87.2 vs. 34.0%, p = <0.001). Smoking correlated negatively and significantly with central obesity in bivariate and partial correlations. In addition, binary logistic regression further confirmed the negative association between smoking and central obesity. Conclusion: The present study shows that in this population, central obesity is determined by gender, unemployment, and marital status.

Physical activity mediates the effect of education on mental health trajectories in older age.

OBJECTIVE: Why people with lower levels of educational attainment have poorer mental health than people with higher levels can partly be explained by financial circumstances. However, whether behavioral factors can further explain this association remains unclear. Here, we examined the extent to which physical activity mediates the effect of education on mental health trajectories in later life. METHODS: Data from 54,818 adults 50 years of age or older (55 % women) included in the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were analyzed using longitudinal mediation and growth curve models to estimate the mediating role of physical activity (baseline and change) in the association between education and mental health trajectories. Education and physical activity were self-reported. Mental health was derived from depressive symptoms and well-being, which were measured by validated scales. RESULTS: Lower education was associated with lower levels and steeper declines in physical activity over time, which predicted greater increases in depressive symptoms and greater decreases in well-being. In other words, education affected mental health through both levels and trajectories of physical activity. Physical activity explained 26.8 % of the variance in depressive symptoms and 24.4 % in well-being, controlling for the socioeconomic path (i.e., wealth and occupation). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that physical activity is an important factor in explaining the association between low educational attainment and poor mental health trajectories in adults aged 50 years and older.